Influence of Exports on Indian Economy Essay Example

Influence of Exports on Indian Economy Essay Exports have played an increasingly important role in India’s economic growth in the last two decades. Still Export instability and its impact on the domestic economies of developing countries like India has been of continuing interest. However, studies dealing with the impact of export instability on economic growth have yielded two fairly different views. The 1st view emphasizes the negative impact of export instability on growth. This is based on the variability in export earnings, uncertainty in this also has an impact on private investment decisions and adversely affects both the level of capital. Due to this close link of the government revenue with export revenue instability in the exports causes variability, which amounts to disruptions in public investment and infrastructure. The second view emphasizes that export instability does not inhibit the process of growth, in fact it may encourage the growth. Rise in income due to deviations of export revenues from their trend will leave consumption unchanged and savings will rise which is believed to raise the level of investment and rate of economic growth. EXPORTS IN INDIA: India has been described as an ‘import substituting country par excellence’. A balance of payments crisis in 1991 led to the initiation of an ongoing process of trade liberalization. These events corrected the in-built systemic bias against exports and they have led to a degree of correction of the price distortions in the Indian economy through the creation of a more open economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Exports on Indian Economy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Exports on Indian Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Exports on Indian Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer More importantly, increased competition and the presence of firms from foreign markets has injected a greater degree of quality consciousness and customer orientation, which has been largely absent due to the lack of competitive pressures. In the past there were few foreign firms present in the protected domestic Indian market. These changes have reduced the tendency of Indian firms to seek and obtain protection from foreign imports. Policy reform has also reduced the effectiveness of attempts by Indian firms to hide behind high tariff barriers and it has challenged interests that have attempted to perpetuate inefficient production. In recent years, India’s percentage share in world exports has been increasing steadily, though at a slow pace. Further, India is building up new areas of strength in export markets by moving to computer software exports, exports of pharmaceuticals and engineering manufactures in addition to traditional export strengths in gems amp; jewellery amp; textiles. Post 1991, the gradual liberalization of the Indian economy characterized by policy reforms created a conducive environment for India’s exports to flourish and evolve into social and economic growth. Hence, the last two decades have witnessed India transform from a closed economy to a considerable player in the global market. Though India had previously experienced a negative growth in its exports, such a prolonged period of decline had not been witnessed in over two decades. It is evident that India’s export performance and economic growth are closely inter-linked. Over time, the export sector has grown to be a significant earner of foreign exchange and a major contributor to India’s national income. Further, the performance of this sector is highly dependent on domestic as well as global factors. As a consequence of this, domestic as well as international economic policies have a bearing on the overall export performance of India. India’s export performance : India’s international trade and reliance on domestic factors fueled growth during the fifties, exports played a smaller role, where India’s exports lost its world market share between 1951-1960 and 1961-70. Till the mid seventies, India’s policy was restrictive and focused on developing the domestic industry, while tightening control on foreign trade . Moreover, India’s exports also suffered because export incentives were only available to a limited number of manufacturing industries and selected agricultural exports. The table below reveals that the period between 1961 and 1970 had higher imports (as a share of GDP), compared to exports which may have contributed to a growing foreign exchange shortage. Additionally, high levels of inflation and budget deficits coupled with the India-Pakistan war severely affected foreign aid and led to a foreign exchange crisis, which resulted in the devaluation of the rupee in 1966. Export and Import growth (%) Following the oil-price shocks, the Indian rupee steadily appreciated by almost 20 percent between 1979 and 1986 and had an adverse impact on its export competitiveness. It is interesting to note that in the early eighties, when world exports grew at 2. 7 percent per year, Indian exports grew at a higher rate of over 6 percent. Nonetheless, India’s share in world merchandise exports fell to less than 1 percent from as much as 2. 1 percent in 1951. India’s export performance since 1991 has fluctuated. In 1997, for the first time after liberalization, India’s exports registered a negative growth of 2. 33 percent. The situation for India worsened when its competitor countries (ASEAN) devalued their currencies amidst the crisis, which reduced the competitiveness of India’s exports in the international market for textile and electronics commodities, where India directly competed with ASEAN exports in overseas markets. India’s imports also suffered and reduced by 2. 44 percent due to weak domestic demand, lower industrial activity and a lower unit value of imports. Export and Import share (%) in India’s GDP : Source: Author’s calculations based on World Development Indicators (WDI) and United Nations (UN) Comtrade database http://data. orldbank. org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators , http://comtrade. un. org/db In 2001-02, India faced another setback in its exports, at large, due to the semi-recession faced by the US; one of India’s biggest trading partners. The terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre caused a net loss of 0. 25 percent of US GDP and also had an impact on India’s exports, which grew only at 5 percent that year. The next major setback for India’s exports was the global crisis of 2008. The collapse of large investment banks around the world coupled with high oil prices and rising inflation led to a global recession. Even though the export sector plays a significant role in the domestic economy by contributing close to 25 percent to India’s GDP (in 2009), its contribution to world exports continues to remain minimal, at a mere 1. 5 percent of world exports in 2009. Between 1991 and 2009, India’s share in world exports rose from 0. 56 to 1. 52 percent. But overall, the economic reforms implemented in India did not have a significant impact on India’s position in the world export market, unlike the reforms implemented in countries like China, South Korea or Taiwan. Sectoral composition of Exports Merchandise exports comprise a major portion of India’s exports to the world. However, a decline in its share and a rise in the contribution of services is visible post 1996. India has experienced a rapid growth in its services sector in the last decade and this is likely to continue in the near future. A combination of demand and supply side factors has influenced the growth of services in India. Sectoral contribution of India’s total merchandise exports : Source: Author’s calculations based on United Nations (UN) Comtrade database http://comtrade. un. rg/db A comparison of India’s export composition with that of its competitors reveals a major point of difference. While for India, services has grown to be a major contributor to its world exports, some of its key competitors like China, Brazil and South Africa continue to earn close to 90 percent of their export revenue through merchandise exports alone. Therefore, the merchandise component plays a bigger role in the exports of other emerging economies, a fact which could explain why India’s share in world merchandise exports has remained low. India- Goods (merchandise) and Services share (%) in total exports Source: Author’s calculations based on UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) database http://unctadstat. unctad. org/ReportFolders/reportFolders. aspx? sCS_referer=amp;sCS_ChosenLang=en Government Initiatives Even though India’s manufacturing exports have resurged since 2001 and grown at a steady rate of over 25 percent between 2002 and 2008, the manufacturing sector has not performed as well. Where the share of manufacturing GDP has remained stagnant. In contrast, the services sector has performed well and contributed significantly towards India’s economic growth. Moreover, India’s performance in services exports has been stronger than most other emerging economies for which their manufacturing sector has been the main driver. A historical review of government initiatives reveals that the policies designed by the Indian government have been instrumental in shaping the development of international trade. As India has progressively moved towards becoming a more open economy, policies have evolved to support trade and increase the volume of exports. However, the average performance of the manufacturing sector has for long, been a cause of concern. In recent years, the Indian government has acknowledged the severity of this issue and taken an important policy initiative in 2011 by approving the New Manufacturing Policy. This policy is aimed at building the capacity of the sector, strengthening its contribution to the GDP as well as improving the international competitiveness of the manufacturing sector. The Indian economy, however, continued to be resistant towards imports and this was reflected in the existing tariff rates. Share of manufactured exports in world (manufacturing) exports: Source: Author’s calculations based on United Nations (UN) Comtrade database http://comtrade. n. org/db India’s key manufactured exports: Since manufactured goods constitute a majority of India’s merchandise exports, it is important to analyze the composition of manufactured exports to identify India’s key export commodities. The following figure shows the distribution of top manufactured goods exports. Source: Autho r’s calculations based on United Nations (UN) Comtrade database http://comtrade. un. org/db Overall, the figure depicts a structural shift in India manufactured exports, away from cotton and textile oriented exports and towards more technique and technology-based items such as pharmaceutical products (medicaments), elecommunication equipment’s etc. The export barriers in India have been hampering Indian exports to a great extent and most of such barriers have been announced by the European Union regarding certification requirements, application of pesticides, dumping of waste products. But the most significant export barrier faced by the Indian exporters is red tapism which is mostly accompanied by corruption. However, the government of India has considered plans to liberate the Indian exporters from the cumbersome paper works and simplify the required procedures. Indian Government keeps swinging on the products that are banned from being exported from India . Frequent ban on export of food grains and other farm commodities should soon be addressed by the commerce department. The move will help India restore some global credibility as it has often faced flak for its banning. Indian Government has banned 58 products from being exported from India. Flip-flop on exports of onions, sugar and cotton in particular has been criticized at the international forum such as  WTO  and G-20, creating fears of India being branded as an unreliable supplier. CONCLUSION: Growth of an economy is directly related to exports. If exports increase at a faster pace as compared to imports, nothing can stop an economy from being a developing one. On the other hand, the instability in exports can adversely affect the process of economic development. It is clear that the export performance of an industry is shaped by a number of factors, including global and partner country economic conditions, costs, market structure, domestic regulations and policy incentives. India’s export performance is equally likely to be affected by macroeconomic variables such as inflation, world demand (or GDP), tariff and non-tariff barriers and also exchange rates. In particular, an RBI report suggested that fluctuation in the value of the rupee affected Indian industries asymmetrically. While labor-intensive sectors such as cotton and leather experienced a fall in export growth (due to an appreciated rupee between 2006 and 2007), high import-intensive sectors like engineering were expected to perform better during the same period, due to lower import costs. Rest apart Government olicies do play a vital role in this sector. Government needs to plan the development, look into other influencing factors and accordingly regulate the EXIM ( Export-Import ) policies to better growth.

Evidence Based Healthcare Research Social Work Essays

Evidence Based Healthcare Research Social Work Essays Evidence Based Healthcare Research Social Work Essay Evidence Based Healthcare Research Social Work Essay Evidenced Based Healthcare and Research: Appraisal. In the United Kingdom the construct of Independent Living and Self-directed Support has become an constituted attack for the bringing of wellness and societal attention services, that it is presently the preferable residential option for people with larning disablements ( Binnie A ; Titchen 1999 ) . Independent life can be defined as enabling independency by having the right support how and when it is required ( Morris 2004 ) . It has now become a cardinal rule in assorted authorities policy paperss such as the Valuing Peoples Now Strategy ( UK Department of Health, 2009 ) and the Personalisation through Person-Centred Planning enterprise ( UK Department of Health, 2010 ) . This assignment aims to show a elaborate review of a qualitative survey entitled How grownups with larning disablements view independent life ( Bond A ; Hurst 2010 ) . A review can specify as a balanced rating of the strengths and restrictions of a research article, in order to find its credibleness and/or pertinence to pattern ( Gamgee 2006 ) . This survey is a welcome part to the current wellness and societal attention research sphere because whilst independent life is the preferable residential option, it is non at all clear whether it is suited for all people with larning disablements, furthermore if there is in fact sufficient empirical grounds to back up this impression. It is hence imperative to set up a sound grounds base that draws upon the lived personal experiences of those with learning disablements. Using an acknowledged model A Measure by Step guide to reviewing a quantitative survey ( Coughan et al. , 2007 ) the comparative worth of the grounds in support of indepen dent life will be judged consistently. Equally good as researching the significance of independent life as an indispensable nursing intercession and its application to modern clinical pattern. Ryan-Wenger ( 2003 ) suggests that in analyzing published articles it is of import to determine two cardinal facets of a review which can be subdivided into elements that influence the hardiness of the research methodological analysis besides known as integrity variables and elements which influence the credibility of the research such as composing manner, writer ( s ) , study rubric and abstract otherwise known as credibility variables . The latter seems to be the most logical topographic point to commence. Evaluation of the Journal Article Polit and Beck ( 2006 ) province that composing manner should be such that it attracts the reader to read on ; this paper is good written, comprehensive and concise. The construction and layout of the paper is good organised with a logical consistence and free from slang in comparing to some documents where the writer ( s ) can be opaque in their attack. However little reserve is reserved refering the degree of cogent evidence reading as at that place seems to be some grammatical and typographical mistakes which can be found on pages 288 and 289. Both writers appear to hold a sound background in larning disablement from both a societal context and educational scenes. As indicated in the acknowledgements the writers makings indicate that they have a grade of cognition in this field and this piece of research seems to be a portion of a taught constituent of their Masterss programme. The study tile seems to be descriptive and compendious, although it lacks specificity of the research methodological analysis used in the survey. This can be really utile for others who are seeking for this type of paper. Although the term qualitative research is mentioned under keywords the rubric itself could be more specific. As a consequence the study rubric is equivocal and simply eight words in length. Meehan ( 1999 ) states that a rubric should be between ten to fifteen words long in order to clearly place the intent of the survey for the reader. This paper presents both an accessible and elaborate version of the abstract, but are both helpful? The accessible signifier includes information on the topic and the figure of participants, whereas the elaborate signifier provides an lineation of the methodological analysis used, ethical model, findings and recommendations. On balance the sum-ups present a clear overview of the survey, nevertheless it does implore the inquiry in what sense is the accessible signifier accessible? and to whom? It seems that the writers are seeking to be politically right instead than logical because how many service users really read the British Journal of Learning Disabilities? . It seems that this is a knee dork reaction which has been applied falsely ; it would be more suited if the papers was aimed at informing an audience with larning disablements such as Valuing People ( UK Department of Health, 2001 ) which caters to a broad scope of readers. The easy -read version is aimed at service users w hilst the denser version is aimed at professionals and service suppliers. Having identified and analysed variables that affect the credibleness of the research presented, how credible the work appears, the writers makings and their ability to set about and accurately show the survey. The hardiness of the research methodological analysis and the unity of the findings will be appraised in order to find the trustiness of the survey and its pertinence to nursing pattern. The writers province the purpose of the survey is to research the positions of nine people with larning disablements who have already achieved independency and wish to lend to the argument of independent life. The writers suggest that this manner of life is now viewed as desirable, but what is the world for people who live with larning disablements? This construct of desirableness is held as debatable by the writers who choose to analyze and show the world of populating independently as opposed to the impression of general and conventional wisdom. A survey conducted by Barlow A ; Kirby ( 1991 ) concluded that people in reception of autonomous support had more life satisfaction than those in residential attention . This determination is farther supported by the publication of Independent Living ( HM Office for Disability Issues, 2007 ) . The determination to suspend opinion about independent life is justifiable and is supported by other research workers in the field of larning disab lements ; as there are several deductions for service users, professionals and service suppliers. This is for a figure of grounds for case promoting pick and control ( OBrien, 2002 ) , wellness issues ( Priest A ; Gibbs, 2004 ) , exposure ( Cooper, 2002 ) and the ability for those with larning disablements to entree services ( Jansen et al. , 2006 ) . The literature reappraisal conducted by the writers demonstrates an appropriate deepness and comprehensiveness of reading around independent life. The bulk of surveies included are of recent beginning being less than five old ages old ; the few historical surveies included put the construct of populating independently into context. The writers successfully identified struggles between the literature by comparing and contrasting findings ( Burns and Grove. , 1997 ) , because although grounds exists to demo people who have moved from larger establishments prefer smaller group places ( Forrester-Jones et al. , 2002 ) there is still no accurate informations detailing the figure of people with larning disablements populating independently ( Beadle Brown et al. , 2004 ) . However the writers failed to advert how they conducted their hunt and information on the databases used to garner documents in their reappraisal. The writers did nevertheless, use primary beginnings of information as o pposed to secondary beginnings and anecdotal information, which attests to the unity and value of the survey presented. Bond A ; Hurst ( 2010 ) ascertained the narrations of nine people with larning disablements via the usage of semi-constructed interviews within their methodological analysis. The writers are to be commended for their attending to detail in footings of their ability to plan and construction interviews so as to suit the demands of the participants. Equally good as carry oning interviews at times and locales convenient to them. The interview construction included open-ended inquiries to help understanding as communicating emerged to be a cardinal barrier for some people with learning disablements. The writers report on a figure of theoretical issues that have been adapted for the participants in order that they might to the full take part in the research procedure. The construction of the interviews was devised utilizing the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance ( Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists, 1997 ) , but is this theoretical account applicable to the United Kin gdom population and to which care puting? Bond A ; Hurst ( 2010 ) adopted thematic analysis within their methodological analysis in measuring the narrations. The information collected was audio taped and subsequently transcribed into coded subjects, which is acknowledged in general research literature to be good pattern. On balance, the writers adhered to the stairss in the research procedure and it is conveyed between the fluidness of stages. The review later moves onto sing the ethical model. This research paper was supported by the local moralss commission and all participants in the survey gave informed consent. Although it is non clear whether or non it was an National Health Service ( NHS ) moralss commission. However, the writers sought to guarantee their working methods complied with the Data Protection Act ( 1998 ) but non with all authorities statute law applicable to the survey such as the Mental Health Act ( 1983 ) . Although there is reference about handiness, the writers failed to guarantee the participants had the capacity to do informed determinations as defined in the Mental Health Act ( 1983 ) . In relation to the figure of participants, the sample size is little and hence may non be brooding or entirely representative for all people with larning troubles. Small samples are more likely to be at hazard of being overly representative of little subgroups within a mark population ( Coughan et al. , 2007 ) . T herefore little reserve is held as the writers did non advert whether they sought to take overall prejudice by bring forthing a sample that is likely to be representative and generalisable to the mark population. Parahoo ( 2006 ) states that for a sample to truly reflect of the population it represents the writers must bring forth a chance sample. The participants in this survey were recruited via convenience trying utilizing a 3rd party ( Melton 1998 ) ; nevertheless several variables could hold an affect on the sample which can take to it being distorted such as the huge age scope. The writers are to be commended nevertheless, in their attempts to keep the confidentiality of their participants by offering them the pick to supply their ain anonym. In the treatment the writers identified seven subjects from their informations analysis which reflected the positions of all the participants and in bend addressed the purposes of the survey. Their findings supported the four key rules as stated in the Valuing People policy papers, and ways in which people can be supported to accomplish this includes increasing societal inclusion, increasing liberty and pick for people and raising consciousness of the exposure of those with learning disablements. However the survey besides highlighted that the bulk of participants struggled with the more complex facet of life independently, such as money direction and budgeting. The authorities has late introduced Direct Payments as portion of a countrywide transmutation in societal attention services, which involves paying money straight to an person in demand to take control of their ain support and attention services. This enterprise will help finance direction as it enables service users to hold control over the attention they receive and how they receive it. The bulk of participants maintained that when comparing their current life style of independent life to that of their old life style it was clear that they wanted to stay living independently. Application to Clinical Practice This subdivision will research the significance of independent life as an indispensable nursing intercession and its application to modern clinical pattern. Gates A ; Atherton ( 2001 ) province that there is a demand for grounds of effectiveness in wellness and societal attention . The most of import facet of being a practician regardless of 1s career, is that jointly we as professionals seek the best grounds available on which to establish our pattern ( Coughan et al. , 2007 ) . The grounds in support of independent life is limited and non wholly accurate, hence when grounds is presented it should non be taken on face value. As Cullum A ; Droogan ( 1999 ) put it not all research is of the same quality or high criterion therefore as a learning disablement nurse and societal worker it is of import being a attention supplier that although a paper has been published it can be critically appraised. This paper is of cardinal relevancy to our pattern in guaranting that the life styles of people with learning disablements are informed by valid and dependable grounds. This research paper adds value to the current literature available in support of independent life nevertheless cautiousness must be expressed as it is non entirely about populating independently. The construct of independently populating can non be advocated for everyone ; each individual is different and hence necessitate different degrees of support which will run into their demands. The publication of Valuing People ( UK Department of Health, 2001 ) the cardinal papers that prompted a alteration in the manner wellness and societal attention services operate. The paper made Person-Centred Planning a cardinal constituent of service reform, and outlined four key rules viz. : Human Rights, Independence, Choice and Social Inclusion ( Mansell and Beadle-Brown, 2004 ) . This means that people with larning disablements should be valued members of society, treated with self-respect and regard whilst holdin g the same rights and picks as everybody else ( OBrien, 2002 ) . Furthermore, people with larning disablements should experience empowered to take control over the attention that they receive in order to be after and populate their lives independently. Previously, people with larning disablements were shunned off from the community and susceptible to mistreat. The Community Care Act ( 1990 ) was introduced as a consequence of both political and societal alterations in attitudes towards the intervention of people with mental unwellnesss. In line with Mental Health Act ( 1983 ) the purpose was to take the stigma associated with mentally sick people off from isolation towards societal inclusion ( Social Role Valorisation, Wolfensberger, 1983 ) . But does independently populating mean that you get societal inclusion? Presently we are seeing a civilization of people who require support being efficaciously excluded from society, waiting for the following support worker to cook their repasts, aid with personal hygiene and general cleansing. This is a downward spiral in our society which is seting a demand on our system. As a attention supplier in line with the General Social Care Council and the Nursing and Midwifery Codes of Conduct ( 20 08 ) , it is our responsibility to recommend in the best involvement of the client at all times but who is really doing the determinations? Bond A ; Hurst ( 2010 ) highlighted how closely wellness was linked to independent life and that many of the participants suffered from chronic conditions such as asthma, diabetes and arthritis. Is it a instance of compromising support for services at the disbursal of overlooking wellness issues? It seems that the writers make a plausible instance that people with learning disablements are being seen as non a precedence as they carry a disproportional load of wellness inequalities among our population. The world for people with larning disablements is far from the projected life style of independency ( Emerson UK Literature ) . It is a challenge to back up people with larning disablements, several factors need to be considered to forestall possible neglect. Jansen et al. , ( 2006 ) points out the demand to follow integrated attention attacks in handling those with learning disablements. This will affect working with different bureaus ( interagency squad working ) and different types of professionals ( multidisciplinary squad working ) in order to supply an holistic service to run into their demands. Current research shows that a handicapped individual is likely to be in contact with at least 10 different attention professionals in their life-time ( UK Department of Education, 2003 ) . Issues can originate through out this clip which may take to miss of continuity and communicating. Therefore, a sufficient sum of preparation and consciousness is needed to guarantee that all staff are qualified and skilled to guarantee equity of service proviso. When caring for patients it is indispensable as a practician to follow the current best pattern. To find what this is one must be able to critically measure grounds that is presented to them ( Basset and Basset. , 2003 ) . This paper focused on the lived experiences of nine people with learning disablements about the world of life independently. In reviewing this paper, the writers successfully highlighted the importance of independent life as an indispensable nursing intercession nevertheless there were besides some restrictions, the most of import being limited confirmation of the information. Furthermore the narrations of the participants were extremely subjective and findings non-generalisable, therefore the impression of independent life is non to be applied to all that have a learning disablement, or vulnerable grownups with complex demands. As recommended by the writers, farther accurate, dependable and valid research is needed that will add value to the evidence-base sphere. Entire Word Count: 2,452 Excluding Headings and Mentions

Why Black People Had a Complex Relationship With Fidel Castro

Why Black People Had a Complex Relationship With Fidel Castro When Fidel Castro died on Nov. 25, 2016, Cuban exiles in the United States celebrated the demise of a man they called an evil dictator. Castro committed a series of human rights abuses, they said, silencing political dissidents by imprisoning or killing them. U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio  (R-Florida) summed up the feelings of many Cuban Americans about Castro in a statement he released after  the ruler’s passing. â€Å"Sadly, Fidel Castro’s death does not mean freedom for the Cuban people or justice for the democratic activists, religious leaders, and political opponents he and his brother have jailed and persecuted,† Rubio said. â€Å"The dictator has died, but the dictatorship has not. And one thing is clear, history will not absolve Fidel Castro; it will remember him as an evil, murderous dictator who inflicted misery and suffering on his own people.† In contrast, blacks throughout the African Diaspora viewed Castro through a more complicated lens. He may have been a brutal dictator but he was also an ally to Africa, an anti-imperialist who eluded assassination attempts by the U.S. government and a champion of education and healthcare. Castro supported the efforts of African nations to liberate themselves from colonial rule, opposed apartheid and granted exile to a prominent African American radical. But along with  these deeds, Castro faced criticism from blacks during the years before  his death because of racism’s persistence in Cuba. An Ally to Africa Castro proved himself to be a friend to Africa as various countries there fought for independence during the 1960s and ’70s. After Castro’s death, Bill Fletcher, Black Radical Congress founder, discussed the unique  relationship between the Cuban Revolution in 1959 and Africa on the Democracy Now! radio program. â€Å"The Cubans were very supportive of the Algerian struggle against the French, which succeeded in 1962,† Fletcher said. â€Å"They went on to support the various anti-colonial movements in Africa, including in particular  the anti-Portuguese movements in Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique. And they were unquestioning in their support for the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa.† Cuba’s support to Angola as the West African nation fought for independence from Portugal in 1975 set into motion apartheid’s end. Both the Central Intelligence Agency and the apartheid government of South Africa tried to thwart the revolution, and Russia objected to Cuba intervening in the conflict. That didnt deter Cuba from getting involved, however. The 2001 documentary Fidel: The Untold Story chronicles how Castro sent 36,000 troops to keep South African forces from attacking Angola’s capital city and more than 300,000 Cubans aided in Angola’s independence struggle - 2,000 of whom were killed during the conflict. In 1988, Castro sent in even more troops, which helped to overcome the South African army and, thus, advance the mission of black South Africans. But Castro didn’t stop there. In 1990, Cuba also played a role in helping Namibia win independence from South Africa, another blow to the apartheid government. After Nelson Mandela was freed from prison in 1990, he repeatedly thanked Castro.   â€Å"He was a hero in Africa, Latin America, and North America for those who needed freedom from oligarchic and autocratic oppression,† the Rev. Jesse Jackson said of Castro in a statement about the Cuban leader’s death. â€Å"While Castro, unfortunately, denied many political freedoms, he at the same time did establish many economic freedoms - education and health care. He changed the world. While we may not agree with all of Castro’s actions, we can accept his lesson that where there is oppression there must be resistance.† Black Americans like Jackson  have long expressed admiration for Castro, who famously met with Malcolm X in Harlem in 1960 and sought out meetings with other black leaders. Mandela and Castro South Africa’s Nelson Mandela publicly praised Castro for his support of the anti-apartheid struggle. The military support Castro sent to Angola helped to destabilize the apartheid regime and pave the way for new leadership. While Castro stood on the right side of history, as far as apartheid was concerned, the U.S. government is said to have been involved in Mandela’s 1962 arrest and even characterized him as a terrorist. Moreover, President  Ronald Reagan vetoed the Anti-Apartheid Act. When Mandela was released from prison after serving 27 years for his political activism, he described Castro as an â€Å"inspiration to all freedom-loving people.† He applauded Cuba for remaining independent in spite of fierce opposition from imperialist nations such as the United States. He said that South Africa also wished â€Å"to control our own destiny† and publicly asked Castro to visit. â€Å"I haven’t visited my South African homeland yet,† Castro said. â€Å"I want it, I love it as a homeland. I love it as a homeland as I love you and the South African people.† The Cuban leader finally traveled to South Africa in 1994 to watch Mandela become its first black president. Mandela faced criticism for supporting Castro but kept his promise not to ignore his allies in the fight against apartheid. Why Black Americans Admire Castro African Americans have long felt a kinship to the people of Cuba  given the island nation’s considerable black population. As Sam Riddle, political director of Michigan’s National Action Network told the Associated Press, â€Å"It was Fidel who fought for the human rights for black Cubans. Many Cubans are as black as any black who worked in the fields of Mississippi or lived in Harlem. He believed in medical care and education for his people.† Castro ended segregation after the Cuban Revolution and gave asylum to Assata Shakur (nee Joanne Chesimard), a black radical who fled there after a 1977 conviction for killing a state trooper in New Jersey. Shakur has denied wrongdoing. But Riddle’s portrayal of Castro as a race relations hero may be somewhat romanticized given that black Cubans are overwhelmingly poor, underrepresented in positions of power and locked out of jobs in the country’s burgeoning tourism industry, where lighter skin appears to be a prerequisite to entry. In 2010, 60 prominent African Americans, including Cornel West and filmmaker Melvin Van Peebles, issued a letter attacking Cubas human rights record, especially as it related to black political dissidents. They expressed concern that the Cuban government had â€Å"increased violations of civil and human rights for those black activists in Cuba who dare raise their voices against the islands racial system.† The letter also called for the release from prison of black activist and physician Darsi Ferrer. Castro’s revolution may have promised equality for blacks, but he was ultimately unwilling to engage those who pointed out that racism remained. The Cuban government responded to the concerns of the African American group by simply denouncing their statement.

Effects of discipline on children Annotated Bibliography

Effects of discipline on children - Annotated Bibliography Example The source will be useful in the classification of the various disciplinary actions and their effects on children behaviors during the research. The chapter â€Å"Discipline by Parents and Child Psychopathology† defines discipline and the various methods that are used to administer discipline in children including corporal punishments. It further analysis the effects including cultural and antisocial behavior that each discipline action is associated with particularly the psychological effects. The source is credible as it is written by accredited authors and uses primary data from its study to analyses the effects of discipline on children. It will be used by the research to distinguish disciplinary actions that have more effects compared to others. The article presents an analysis of the effects of physical punishment on children through the identification of patterns that have been used to implement disciplinary measures among children. It further analyses the possible positive effects of promoting nonviolent parenting. The source is credible as an accredited PhD holder author was behind the analysis. It will be used in the analysis and comparison of the effects of physical and nonviolent discipline among children/ GÃÆ' ¡mez-Guadix, M., Carrobles, J., Almendros, C., & FernÃÆ' ¡ndez-Alcaraz, C. (2010). Physical punishment and long-term consequences: the moderating role of parental context. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2093-2097. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.419 The article explores the long-term consequences of physical punishment on children including both behavioral and psychological problems. The study conducted indicated that physical punishment is related to negative outcomes irrespective of the parental context in which are applied. The source is credible as a university press published it and scholars conducted the study. It will be used in the analysis of long-term consequences

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Statement - Essay Example Since I began high school, I have developed a significant interest in economic issues. For instance, I closely followed developments in regards to the â€Å"Financial Tsunami† and the Chinese economic bubble. As a member of the Economics Club, I discussed many pertinent issues related to global economics. In my spare time, I watch financial news programming and am enthusiastic about discussing world economic issues. Recently, I have conducted significant research into the European Sovereign Debt Crisis. This situation greatly interests me as it affects us all through the increasingly interconnected globalized world. As an economics student, I appreciate the Keynesian perspective to a market crisis. The past decade’s spread of neo-liberalism resulted in both politicians and everyday citizens trusting the miraculous power of the self-regulating market. The 2008 economic tsunami demonstrated that no society can stop economic deterioration without government intervention. I n addition, Mr. Bernanke has succeeded in applying Monetarist principles in rescuing the United States economy. Hence, I believe that the combined effects of Keynesian economics and Monetarism are stronger than any single macroeconomic theory and will ultimately lead the way for future economic growth and recovery. Nevertheless, microeconomic analysis is essential for business. I had a valuable experience with business as I was born into a business family. While I was a senior in high school, I worked at my father’s office and became intimately familiar with the experience of selling products and purchasing supplies. This working experience enforced my comprehension of the conceptual applications of economics, such as marginal and utility concepts. Besides the work experience outside school, in 2007 and 2009 I participated in the â€Å"

The texts, Othello by William Shakespeare, Big World by Tim Winton Essay Example for Free

The texts, Othello by William Shakespeare, Big World by Tim Winton Essay The texts, Othello by William Shakespeare, Big World by Tim Winton and my visual appropriation, have enriched my understanding of the outsider through a variety of language and visual techniques. Through the portrayal of Othello and Roderigo in Othello, the author in Big World and the outsider in my visual appropriation, the authors have conveyed the notion that outsiders will forever and always be outsiders. No matter how hard the outsider tries to fit in or deny their otherness, at times seemingly part of the group, they will, in the end, still be considered an outsider. In Othello, Othello denies his otherness in order to conform to society however he is never truly accepted by society or himself. At the start of the play, Othello strongly disputes Brabantio’s claims of him using some sort of magic to seduce Desdemona, declaring he won her love like anyone else would. â€Å"Of my whole course of love: what drugs, what charms,/ What conjuration and what mighty magic –† the repetition of the word ‘what’ illustrates Othello’s intense dissent regarding him possessing any sort of other worldly attributes which would make him an outsider. However by the end of the play, even Othello himself, stated that he used magic. â€Å"there’s magic in the web of it† the use of metaphor when referring to the handkerchief, that Othello gave Desdemona as a token of their love, portrays Othello’s inability to even accept himself. Used with other words such as â€Å"charmer†, â€Å"fancies†, â€Å"perdition† and â€Å"sibyl† which have negative magical connotations, Othello himself reiterates his otherness which at the start he was denying. This shows that despite Othello trying to fit in to society, he is always considered an outsider by both society and himself. Similarly, Roderigo believes he has a close relationship with Iago but he is actually being manipulated and not accepted at all by Iago. Roderigo listens to Iago and gives him all his money in the hopes of being able to have Desdemona. The repetition of Roderigo’s questioning tone, â€Å"what will I do†, â€Å"what should I do? †, â€Å"what say you? † , portrays Roderigo’s trust in Iago and the idea that he is seemingly lost without Iago’s guidance. It gives the impression that Roderigo thinks he has a close connection with Iago through his confiding of his thoughts and request for advice. Towards the end of the play though, Roderigo appears out of nowhere, apparently awoken from his ‘trance’, and accuses Iago of using him for his money. â€Å"Very well, go to! I cannot go to, man, nor ‘tis not very well. † the angry tone of Roderigo shows he now knows that he has been manipulated and that his relationship with Iago was a false one. This emphasises the idea of Roderigo believing he was accepted by Iago when in actual fact, he was always the outsider. In Big World by Tim Winton, the author gives the feeling that he is part of society and accepted but he continually refers to the fact that he is an outsider. The author has a best friend named Biggie, who saves the author from bullying and thus how they became best friends. In â€Å"unlike him I’m not really from here. † and â€Å"†¦the city, I’m from there originally. † the tone conveys that the author is not from Biggie’s community and although having lived there for some time, he still considers himself as an outsider, as someone who doesn’t belong. Yet in â€Å"for once I’m not faking it. † The use of personal pronoun shows that the author finally feels accepted and that he is part of Biggie’s society for real while all the other times he was only pretending to fit in. Nonetheless, in the end the author is still deemed an outsider. â€Å"†¦Biggie†¦ will blow me off.. † the colloquial language illustrates that even though the author felt like he had finally fit in, it still resulted in Biggie leaving him because he is an outsider. This demonstrates that regardless of outsiders trying to fit in, and at times they do, in the end they are still viewed as different. My visual appropriation also captures the idea that an outsider will remain on the outside no matter how much they try to integrate with society. The use of colour symbolism shows the man’s desire to fit in with the group and feel acknowledged despite being different and an outsider. The vectors of the shutters convey the notion of inviting the man to join the group and give the impression of the group welcoming him. However the leafy gate, which separates the man in the foreground from the group in the background, creates an atmosphere of separation conveying the sense of the man still being an outsider. Furthermore the square, in which the group is seen, can be considered a window and when the appropriation is viewed as a whole, it looks like the group of people is enclosed in a room while the man is left on the outside where he can only observe. This gives the feeling that regardless of the closeness the man and group seem to be in, the man is still an outsider. As a result it shows that in spite of the man trying to fit in, to deny his otherness, he incessantly remains an outsider. Through the variety of literary and visual devices encountered in the texts, Othello, Big World and my visual appropriation, it has enriched my understanding of the outsider. The outsider will continually be perceived as the other even with them attempting to join the group or society. At times they may appear to fit in and feel accepted but ultimately the outsiders will be regarded as just that, outsiders.

The Highlights of My Teaching Pedagogy Essay -- Teaching Philosophy Ed

The Highlights of My Teaching Pedagogy Through my own experiences, and as enforced by others' opinions in the profession, I have found that teaching is one of the most rewarding careers. Not only are you placed in the position of instructing and guiding children and young adults through the life long learning process, but you are able to give back to the schools and communities which have supported your early education and experiences that opened you up to a bright future. In becoming an educator, I hope to someday share the knowledge and lend the helping, supportive hand that I was once given, allowing students to formulate their own perspectives of the multicultural society and world around them. Teaching is a career I have been interested in pursuing throughout high school, and as my experiences and study in the field expands, I feel that my desire to teach will grow stronger and develop more soundly. As a teacher, I have numerous personal goals. Mainly, my goal is to provide students with the opportunity and encouragement to succeed in life and to develop as free-thinking individuals in society. I consider myself a progressive and an essentialist, according to theory. I feel that students need to be given multiple opportunities to explore many different life skills that sometimes are overlooked in the education system. Testing, rote memorization, and lecture, in my opinion, do not promote students' own inquiry and does not give students opportunities to tap into their own source of knowledge that they each bring with them to the classroom. As a teacher, I hope to leave my students able to set and accomplish goals through the use of these life skills. Some teachers I have had while in hi... ...hods of fill-in-the-blank or multiple choice exams. In my classroom, grades won't carry as much weight as the actual learning the students undertake. I could go on at length, discussing all aspects of my praxis as an educator, however, that would lead to a paper of excruciating length. These aspects of my teaching pedagogy that are delivered in this praxis statement are those that I feel strongest about upholding. It is important for educators to value their students and the perspectives and cultures they bring to the classroom. Student-centered education is what I find to be the key to great teaching, and overall, is the greatest way to allow students to value and grow through their own self-exploratory and self-directed education. Valuing and appreciating each of your students is what makes teaching such an enlightening, uplifting profession.

The Role Of Health Ngos Health And Social Care Essay

Health attention in Nigeria is structured along, and administered through the cosmopolitan three grades: the primary degree run by the local authorities, the secondary by the province and the third by the federal authorities ( FMOH 2005 ) . The part of Nigeria ‘s wellness sector to the national economic system remains ill defined, and as a consequence Nigeria was ranked a blue 187th place among the 191 United Nation member province ( WHO 2000 ) .Health attention installations are unequal in Nigeria ( Yohesor 2009 ) and this includes wellness Centres, forces and medical equipment. Moreso, the province of bing installations is frequently distressing due to miss of care. As Lee provinces: ‘A wellness attention system is an organisational model for the distribution or service of the wellness attention demands of a given community. It is a reasonably complex system of inter-related elements that contribute to the wellness of people-in their places, educational establishments, in work topographic points, the populace ( societal or recreational ) and the psychological environments every bit good as the straight wellness and health-related sectors. ‘ ( Lee 2009: 1 ) . However, with the many societal and infrastructural jobs facing the state is the chase of the politically attractive third wellness attention which, arguably, has remained the lone attractive country of the wellness system, to the hurt of other degrees of attention. The disregard of Nigeria ‘s wellness attention, with particular mention to the primary wellness attention system, its maldistribution, will ensue in an upside-down wellness attention pyramid. By deduction, instead than bring forth wellness for the people, would ever hold the menace to fall in on itself. Harmonizing to Asuzu ( 2003 ) , Nigeria ‘s wellness attention system has experienced past reforms, runing from the traditional wellness attention system that existed in the single Nigerian communities and the cultural groups before the epoch of colonisation boulder clay day of the month. Though Nigeria ‘s wellness attention system is geared towards guaranting handiness and handiness of wellness attention by Nigerians, yet the state ‘s wellness attention remains a major concern. On the other manus, wellness attention reform is the ‘process of bettering the public presentation of bing systems of presuming efficient and just responses to future alterations. It has besides been defined as sustainable, purposeful alteration aimed at bettering the wellness sector ; wellness attention reform is initiated by public or political action, is motivated by dissatisfaction caused by the failure to present results and implemented on a sector broad degree ( Berman 1995 ) . This presupposes that reforms might turn to the jobs of hapless quality of attention, inefficiencies in the bringing of services, inequalities and limited entree to wellness, degree of answerability and deficient reactivity to client demands. Globally, it would look Non-governmental Organizations have undertaken a broad scope of maps, including but non limited to, human-centered aid, developmental assistance, and publicity of human rights and lobbying to protect the environment. In other words, the function of non-governmental ( NGOs ) might hold been seen to spread out. Capturing the kernel of wellness NGOs, Gilson states: †¦..humanitarian aid is ‘assistance given to run into the challenges of a human-centered crisis, about ever includes proviso of some type of health care, be it preventative action ( such as supplying shelter, clean H2O and healthful installations, immunisation against epidemics ) or direction of exigencies ( such as hurts from a catastrophe ) . ‘ Arguably, Nigeria is presently undergoing wellness sector reform aimed at accomplishing improved efficiencies in resource use, improved quality of wellness services every bit good as greater equity of entree to wellness services. Jong-Chan ( 2002 ) asserts that given the strong influence they possess, NGOs remain the lone sector that can authorise the populace to demand a stable national wellness plan ; NGOs should convey their experiences in wellness attention reform to bear in order to beef up their alone place in the wellness attention system, independent of both governmental laterality and medical liberty. In the visible radiation of the above averment, it would look Non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) have ever been in the head of progressing fresh thoughts, and in encouraging and back uping authoritiess to implement them. At a simple degree, NGOs by and large represent the ‘voice of the people ‘ at all levels- local, national and international, and have taken on functions such as protagonism, instruction and preparation ( Ogunbekun, 2004:3 ) , and have been active in monitoring and bettering what has, or has non, been implemented or achieved. For illustration, NGOs have been in the forepart burner in advancing, developing and bettering a comprehensive and holistic attack to wellness attention services. For alteration to go on, it would be necessary to join forces with the relevant stakeholders in the wellness sector, whether they work in authorities, in disposal, or as suppliers of the necessary services, to convey approximately needed alteration and betterment ; besides to guarantee the people understand and support the alterations which need to be made ( Lorgen, 1998 ) . Moreso, wellness professional associations might be effectual in working with wellness NGOs in bettering wellness attention bringing. Often, they seek the advice of wellness professionals sing issues around wellness attention, basically because they know that medical moralss require doctors to supply nonsubjective advice on wellness issues, in the best involvements of their patients ( Pfeiffer 2003 ) . Health NGOs, together with wellness professionals, might besides use the accomplishments and experiences that NGOs have garnered in seting information and messages across to the populace in such a manner that the populace is able to understand and this will be necessary in bettering wellness attention. The function or value of NGOs in progressing wellness is hinged on three premises, emerging from the research enterprise of George Washington University ‘s Centre for international Health: Individual wellness and communities ‘ socio-economic development are per se linked ; Well targeted wellness publicity activities can lend non merely to better wellness but can besides heighten an person ‘s societal wellbeing ; Local NGOs whose members are antiphonal to the communities they serve, are more likely to supply this linkage through furthering community authorization. Many NGOs are involved in preparation programmes which is a function they seem to hold undertaken at all degrees. Therefore, they are well-positioned to help the relevant authorities sections in conveying about alterations and betterment in wellness attention system ( Gilson 2003 ) . It would follow that NGOs should be invited by authoritiess to help as spouses in creative activity of consciousness, mobilisation and development of developing programmes on wellness attention reforms. Besides, wellness NGOs seem to hold the capacity to authorise communities to move on their ain behalf, fiting people to better the ‘social and physical environments contributing for healthy life styles, and of wellness protagonism to enable policy shapers to acknowledge and appreciate the necessity for betterments in wellness attention conditions ‘ ( Starfield 2011 ) . Following the policy statement of World Health Organization ‘s 1978 Alma Ata Conference, besides known as the Alma Ata Declaration, which proposed that ‘primary wellness attention ( PHC ) be adopted for wellness planning and bringing, stressing on equity in wellness, disease bar, and a comprehensive scheme to advance single and community wellness ‘ ( Rodriguez 2001 ) , a wellness instruction scheme might propose that within a socio-political context, wellness instruction aims to increase person ‘s consciousness of his or her wellness position, and the causes and determiners of that position, thereby increasing the possibility for positive action. As Asuzu ( 2003 ) points out †¦ ‘NGOS act as accelerator by promoting the assorted sections concerned with wellness to go actively involved in reform exercises†¦ ‘ This would be effectual if different NGOs work in synergism. For case, in add-on to wellness NGOs, there is engagement of other relevant NGOs such as adult females ‘s NGOs that concentrate on activities to better the position of adult females and development NGOs whose Centre of involvement or activity is peculiarly on issues around development. Health NGOs, arguably, are dependent on their authorization or undertaking charter which is in tandem with the overall programmes of a wellness attention system within which they operate. Harmonizing to Ohanyido ( 2012 ) , the functions of wellness NGOs are summarized below: †¢ work to guarantee that the wellness services are efficient, effectual, and accessible. †¢ work within the wellness system to guarantee that the figure of well-trained staff is available through capacity- edifice or protagonism to authorities etc. †¢ aid guarantee that the wellness information system is able to bring forth utile informations on wellness determiners and wellness system public presentation, and besides avoid making parallel systems †¢ work with all stakeholders to guarantee that there is entree to medical specialties, vaccinums, and medical engineerings in an just manner. †¢ strengthen wellness financing systems by researching support beginnings and recommending to stakeholders to raise equal financess for wellness, and guaranting that people can entree low-cost services. †¢ strengthen the system by guaranting that the Leadership must vouch effectual inadvertence, ordinance, and answerability. However, in order to work expeditiously and efficaciously in bettering wellness attention system, wellness NGOs themselves must besides be found to be accountable, crystalline, and seem to be stand foring the involvements of the people.

For-Profit Colleges Essay

You ever watch television and see the commercials for colleges and hear the people say â€Å"this college changed my life† or hear that the school has classes for the major your interested in. Then you get the urge to go back to school and you see that there’s not much requirements to get into these schools as long as you have money for tuition. Those are what you call for-profit schools. Now the question is are these schools actually good for you? Can they help you in the long run or just give you classes and you’re on your own after you get the degree. I feel that for-profit schools should not be federally regulated because these colleges provide opportunities for students ignored and rejected by traditional colleges, they provide flexibility for students and some regulations may reduce graduation rates. Some people didn’t do the best in high school or probably didn’t finish high school and have a GED but still want to attend college. Most tradition and private colleges probably won’t even look at their application if their grade point average is below a certain number or if they don’t have a high school diploma. This is why we need for-profit colleges because they tend to those people who still want to further their education. It may seem like for-profit colleges only focus on getting money from students but they still offer the same education that private and traditional colleges offer just in a different way or amount of time. If there is government regulation then most people probably wouldn’t be able to attend any schools. With government regulations, there’s most likely going to be government requirements along with the school requirements. â€Å"The for-profit sector is not only more robust than the rest of higher education, it is helping to force some changes in the way traditional colleges do business. †(Wilson) For-profit colleges are giving traditional colleges a run for their money. Not only do these colleges help those who can’t get into traditional and private schools it also helps adults who are working during the day or have children. For-profit colleges provide connivence and flexibility. They offer a lot of classes online and during hours that some other colleges may not be open. Most for-profit schools classes are in sessions and not just spread out throughout the day. â€Å"The Art Institute of Pittsburgh runs three sessions a day: from 8am until noon, 1pm until 5 pm and 6pm until 10pm. † Classes like this will benefit those who can’t find a babysitter or who needs to take an extra class to get the degree they want but have a 9-5 job. Another thing is the classes aren’t as long as the traditional schools. In a traditional school you may have to take a class for four or five months. In for-profit schools the classes may last from five to nine weeks. Now that may not seem like a good idea but these classes help those students to plan their life around their schedule. Once again with government regulations it may be against the law to have classes after a certain time of day or some classes it may be mandatory to be in class and not online and then it messes with people schedule. â€Å"At a time when American public higher education is cutting budgets, laying people off, and turning away students, the rise of for-profit universities has been meteoric. † If other colleges are turning down students how will the graduation rate increase like President Obama wants it to. We need these for-profit schools to help the economy and to get more people educated and working. â€Å"Enrollment in the country’s nearly 3,ooo career colleges has grown far faster than in the rest of higher education. † This means that more people are getting an education and graduating with degrees and certificates. For-profit schools may cost more than traditional schools but the government helps traditional schools out with money. These schools are getting there revenue from sponsors and the students tuition. â€Å"For-profit universities now educate about 7 percent of the nations roughly 19 million students who enroll at degree-granting institutions each fall. And the proportion rises 10 percent, or 2. 6 million, if you count who enroll year round. † In conclusion with students enrolling into these for-profit schools and getting an education in a shorter time period than traditional schools that will increase the graduation rate. These schools teach the same information as traditional schools and the main reason why people are complaining about these schools are because they do not have accreditation. These schools have to prove themselves to get accreditation so they still have to run until they can get it. What would be the difference between the classes being taught now and when they get accreditation? Job placements for some majors are granted and some may not be because of experience not of the education.

The insider essays

The insider essays The film The Insider tells the true story of Jeffrey Wigand, a man who was faced with the ethical dilemma of blowing the whistle on Brown Big Tobacco. Likewise Bergman also finds himself engaged in corrupt circumstances at CBS as the interview with Wigand is jeopardized for corporate profit. This film is an excellent depiction of organizations behaving as political systems. Personal and corporate use of corrupt political tactics are seen everywhere in this film, however, the most obvious are the use (and abuse) of power and advancement of personal interests. This film illustrates to the audience how serious the game of politics is played within an organization. In Jeffrey Wigands post-termination dealings with Brown s daughter has Asthma). This direct use of formal authority is used a means of coercion to quiet Wigand. Similarly, the audience observes the power wielded by rules and regulations as at the same meeting two corporate lawyers were present to enforce the signing of the new agreement (again used as a tool for coercion). Other types of power ...

Adventure tourism

Adventure tourism is a type of niche tourism involving exploration or travel to remote areas, where the traveler should expect the unexpected. Adventure tourism is rapidly growing in popularity as tourists seek unusual holidays, different from the typical beach vacation. Mountaineering expeditions, trekking, bungee jumping, rafting and rock climbing are frequently cited as an examples of adventure tourism. Adventure travel is a type of tourism, involving exploration or travel with perceived (and possibly actual) risk, and potentially requiring specialized skills and physical exertion. Adventure tourism is rapidly growing in popularity, as tourists seek different kinds of vacations. According to the U. S. based Adventure Travel Trade Association, adventure travel may be any tourist activity, including two of the following three components: a physical activity, a cultural exchange or interaction and engagement with nature. Adventure tourists may be motivated to achieve mental states characterized as rush or flow,[1] resulting from stepping outside of their comfort zone. This may be from experiencing culture shock or through the performance of acts, that require significant effort and involve some degree of risk (real or perceived) and/or physical danger (See extreme sports). This may include activities such as mountaineering, trekking, bungee jumping, mountain biking, rafting, zip-lining, paragliding, and rock climbing. Some obscure forms of adventure travel include disasterand ghetto tourism. [2] Other rising forms of adventure travel include social and jungle tourism. Adventure travel involves exploration or travel to remote exotic areas. Adventure tourism is rapidly growing in popularity as a tourist seeks different kinds of vacations. Any constructive activity which tests the endurance of both a person and his equipment to its extreme limit is termed as Adventure. Adventure travel involves exploration or travel to remote exotic areas. Adventure tourism is rapidly growing in popularity as a tourist seeks different kinds of vacations. Any constructive activity which tests the endurance of both a person and his equipment to its extreme limit is termed as Adventure. India Offers a wide range of adventure sports for tourists. Trekking and Skiing in the Himalayas, White Water Rafting on the Ganges and Beas, Camel and Jeep safaris in the deserts of Rajasthan, Paragliding in Himachal, Watersports in Goa and Scuba Diving in Lakshadweep and Andaman are just some of the options available to the adventure seeking tourists. The perennial challenge of the Himalayas for mountaineers. Coniferous forests and flower meadows welcome the trekker. And the rapids of snow-fed rivers are ideal for white water rafting. Lakshadweep offers excellent wind surfing, snorkelling and scuba diving in the crystal clear waters of the lagoons which surround each island. Initiatives of Ministry ot Tourism to Promote Adventure Tourism As per the policy for the diversification of tourism product of India, special attention is being given for the development of Adventure Tourism in the country. The Ministry of Tourism has also issued Guidelines for Approval of Adventure Tour Operators, which is a voluntary scheme, open to all bonafide adventure tour operators. The Ministry of Tourism has also formulated a set of guidelines on Safety and Quality Norms on Adventure Tourism as BASIC MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR ADVENTURE TOURISM ACTIVITIES. These guidelines cover Land, Air and Water based activities which include mountaineering, trekking hand gliding, paragliding, bungee jumping and river rafting. Central Financial Assistance is being extended to various State Governments/ Union Territory Administration for development of Tourism Infrastructure in destinations including Adventure Tourism destinations These include facilities for trekking, rock climbing, mountainreering, aero-sports, winter/ water related sports, trekker huts, wildlife viewing facilities etc Financial assistance for purchase of water sports equipment consisting of kayaks, canoes, paddle boats, fibre glass boats, hoyercrafts, water scooters, etc. are also provided to State Governments. The Indian Institute of Skiing Mountaineering has been made fully operational in Gulmarg from January 2009. This institute now has its own building and all modern equipment and training facilities for adventure sports. Various adventure courses have been started and are being successfully run by this institute. The National Institute of Water Sports, another organistion of Ministry of Tourism based in Goa, is getting a new building and facilities upgraded for training in water sports activities. The Ministry is working with the Indian Mountaineering Federation and Adventure Tour Operators Association of India to explore positioning India as an Adventure Destination. Ministry of Tourism has been following up with concerned related Central Ministries with regard to facilitation for development of adventure tourism. As an outcome, the Government of India has given security clearance for opening of 104 additional peaks in Jammu and Kashmir ( Leh Area) subject to stipulations and clearances form State Govt. , Home Ministry and other concerned agencies. The opening of the additional peaks will help in positioning the Indian Himalayas as Adventure tourism destination.

Intermediate macro on the effect of inflation on exports and imports Term Paper

Intermediate macro on the effect of inflation on exports and imports - Term Paper Example Inflation makes reserves to be misallocated. The paper explores how influence impacts on trade among nations, especially its effect on exports and imports. Effect of inflation on exports and imports Introduction Inflation refers to the decrease in the value of money as the prices of goods and services gradually increase overtime. Moderate forms of inflation are conceived normal in the majority of economies and desirable in any economy since this is indicative to producers that there is an increasing demand and so stimulates enhanced production, and ultimately economic growth (Evans, 2004). Nevertheless, high inflation, is worrying since the prices of goods and services rise faster that the surge in wages, thus eroding real incomes. Inflation renders exports to fall, as it costs other countries more to purchase similar amount the same goods. This relationship can be outlined mathematically by the equation NI= C+ I+ G- NX whereby NI represents national income (or price level that equat es to inflation), C represents consumption (consumer spending) I represent investment; G represents government spending while NX represents net exports. Inflation influences the current account deficit since then demand for exports plunges as prices rise, and imports become more competitive if imports prices reduce comparatively lower to domestic competitors (Ulke & Ergun, 2011). If the country is exporting and the local currency becomes strong, then the country’s products become more expensive for its buyers. If a country is relying heavily on imports and the local currency becomes weak, then the products that are imported becomes expensive (Evans, 2004). As such, inflation increases will lead to deterioration of balance of payments since domestic inflation stimulates import spending provided that imports emerge comparatively cheaper, and diminish export sales, as exports emerge more expensive abroad (Levi, 2009). The association between inflation and exchange rate appears a s a double-edged sword whereby the rising inflation tends to render a currency to depreciate (owing to the reduced demand for the country’s demand). Mostly, depreciation aids exporters since prices paid by the overseas buyers decrease (Ulke & Ergun, 2011). Nevertheless, depreciation signifies that prices of imports increase, which is inflationary. The net impact of the devaluation in inflation hinges on the comparative price elasticity of imports and exports. Effects of Inflation on Imports and Exports Exchange rates bear a significant effect on a country’s economy. If the exchange rate drops, this alters the comparative prices of imports and exports. Exports are likely to become comparatively cheap in other currencies while imports become expensive. For instance, when the U.S. purchases imports, the imports are incorporated into the retail price index. In the event that the price of import rises, this could be inflationary, especially in cases where a country’s imports feature a lot of raw materials and semi-finished products (Levi, 2009). A gradual rise in prices will impact on a country’s trading performance mainly on the ration between imports and exports. The performance of a country’