The Famine Of The Soviet Union - 2553 Words

Between the years of 1932 and 1933, an estimated 4 to 5 million Ukrainians perished in a famine unprecedented during peacetime. Called the Holodomor, Ukrainian for ‘death by hunger’, the famine fits into a number of other famines that occurred simultaneously in the Soviet Union including but not limited to Kazakhstan, the north caucuses, and the Urals. The famines were a consequence of Stalin’s first 5 year plan, which called for mass collectivization and nationalization of industry with the intention of ushering forth rapid industrialization. Industrialization was prioritized in order to bring the Soviet Union in line with Marx’s dialectal history, according to which worldwide Communist Revolution can only be spearheaded by†¦show more content†¦The famine too was an assault on Ukraine’s rising nationalism, which threatened to remove the country from Soviet influence and thus undermine the Party as Stalin saw it. Thus, in those few months d uring which millions died, not only was the traditional Ukrainian village effectively destroyed, but much of Ukraine’s political and cultural elite were purged. Moreover, Russian settlers were brought in to repopulate the *devastated countryside, altering the country’s ethnic makeup. Take together, these factors severely retarded the country’s nation-building and nationalist ambitions, and it would not be until 1991 with the fall of the Soviet Union that the country would achieve independence. In this paper I will describe the events which led up to the famine, the famine itself, the subsequent Russification of Ukraine, the extent of Stalin’s knowledge and intentions toward Ukraine, explanations for the famine including the role of ideology and the importance of individual personalities, outside reactions from foreign nations and journalists, and the famine’s lasting impact. For much of its history, Ukraine had been under the control of larger powers. Before and during WWI, parts of modern Ukraine were under the control of the Russian Empire and other parts were under the control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. There were multiple attempts at independence during the

Ece 201 Free Essays

0Behavioral Support Plans Behavioral Support Plans ECE 201 Debra Lawrence Jan. 14, 2013 Behavior management plays an important role in early childhood education. Behavior management is important in early childhood education setting in order to develop and/or maintain some sort of order in the classroom. We will write a custom essay sample on Ece 201 or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the most important reason to have behavior management and/or rules in the early childhood education setting is the safety of the students and yourself as well. A child’s behavior not only frustrates their teacher but their parents as well. That’s when behavior management steps in because the teacher or parent has to find a way to manage the child’s behavior. Communication between home and school keeps the focus on what the child needs in order to be successful in life. When dealing with behavior management with a troubled child you have to be consistent. In this paper I will describe the purpose of behavior management in early childhood education setting, discuss three strategies teachers may use to determine the function of challenging behaviors and design an individual support plan for each of the challenging behaviors, and summarize the role of the teacher in designing and implementing a classroom behavior plan. The purpose of the behavior management system is to provide teachers with a plan to keep order in their classrooms. Discipline, communication skills, and social skills are basis of an effective management system. An effective behavior management system provides an organized learning environment for students and reduces stress and burnout among teachers. Working with kids you have to keep a positive mind at all times. You can never take your mind off your students and teaching at no times. Behavior management provides children with assistance and tools they need in order to learn how to appropriately behave at home and in a classroom setting. Behavior management is there for the purpose of assisting children display proper behaviors that is needed in learning environment. Teachers do this by teaching children appropriate behaviors and social behaviors that are expected and acceptable, children will learn these behaviors and exercise them at home and school. Behavior management include all of the actions and conscious inactions to enhance the probability people, individually and in groups, choose behaviors which are personally fulfilling, productive, and socially acceptable (Wikipedia. org). The overall purpose of behavior management is to assist young children in displaying behaviors that are conducive to learning and to teach social behaviors that are appropriate for home and school settings. Positive behavior training starts at home. If you began to train your kids at home from right and wrong then it affectively takes place at school. Sometimes it doesn’t always happen like that but if you let your children know that there will be repercussion then it will not be as bad. Developing strong behavior management skills in classroom skills is very important to bring forth to prevent burnout in the classroom. Most of the time student misconduct and teacher frustration with behavior issues often lead to work stress, job dissatisfaction, and loss of teachers as well as behavior problems with the students. Having behavior management in a classroom can keep teachers and their students on the same page. Behavior management has a huge impact on students along with their achievements and their will to learn. When a student has challenging behavior, it is the teacher’s role to help execute strategies to change and improve that behavior. Teachers should conduct a functional behavior assessment (FBA) as a first step in trying to understand why a student may be engaging in challenging behaviors. A FBA enables you to figure out the functions or purposes of the challenging behavior and to identify events in the environment that trigger and maintain it (Kaiser Raminsky, 2012). Three strategies that teachers may use to determine the functions of challenging by is providing. A functional behavioral assessment looks at problem behaviors by analyzing behaviors and the interventions of these behaviors. Functional behavior assessment is 1) understanding the nature and the causes of problem behaviors and 2) developing cost effective interventions for changing and/or reducing that behavior. Performing a functional behavioral assessment is done eight steps: The A-B-C paradigm of behavior analysis can be very useful in determining behaviors that need to be modified in young children. A- Is the conditions of stimulus before the behavior occurs, also known as the antecedent. B- is the behavior or response to the stimulus. C- is the result for the behavior. Together A-B-C forms an approach to behavior management called A-B-A which stands for applied behavior analysis. A-B-A focuses on changing/modifying behaviors that are operationally defined and observable. Behaviors are formed through manipulation of the environmental factors. They can be changed by altering the environment. They can also be changed by altering the response to the behavior. The antecedent sets the stage for a specific response to occur, while the consequence changes the probablility that the behavior will increase and/or decrease in the future. Alberto and Troutman, 1999). A functional behavioral assessment looks at problem behaviors by analyzing behaviors and the interventions of these behaviors. Functional behavior assessment is 1) understanding the nature and the causes of problem behaviors and 2) developing cost effective interventions for changing and/or reducing that behavior (Walker,1995). Performing a functional behavioral assessment is done eight steps: Defi ne the challenging behaviors. Identify the problem and/or challenging behavior(s) and define it in observable terms. It is useful for you to include examples of the behavior that you will measure. Make sure that when describing the child’s behavior(s) you are clear and specific 1. Define the challenging behaviors. Identify the problem and/or challenging behavior(s) and 2. define it in observable terms. It is useful for you to include examples of the behavior that you will measure. Make sure that when describing the child’s behavior(s) you are clear and specific. 3. Select and describe settings for observation. You should observe the behavior(s) in two or 4. three settings. The first setting is where the behavior first became a problem, one that is similar, and one that is quite different. Followed by where the behavior starts back up. Doing this will determine what is causing the problem behavior(s). You should always consider the environmental demands and/or the teacher’s expectations in each setting. This information could help provide an intervention plan for the child. (http://www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/article_view. aspx? ArticleID=255 3) Select the observation type, two types of observation are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative, is descriptive in nature. The observer begins with ideas about what will be observed and describes the behavior(s) that appears important. Quantitative, can be done only when the observer is watching what is happening. 4) Develop data collection procedures, can be collected using several different techniques. Documenting the frequency of the behavior(s) is important, the duration of the behavior(s), and the intensity of the behavior(s). If the behavior is not frequent a good solution might be event recording. Using a tally sheet helps to observe the child’s behavior continuously. Time interval is useful if the behavior(s) is done during a specific observation period. 5) Analyze the learning environment as it impacts child behavior(s), careful analysis of the physical environment can unveil information that is necessary to understand the underlying cause of a child’s behavior(s). 6) Interview others, a detailed interview allows individuals who have contact with the child the opportunity to review information about the child in more detail. These individuals can include nurses, other teachers, parents, siblings, and/or friends. ) Hypothesis of the behavior(s) function, the information gathered through child observation and/or interviewing others will be examined in this step to determine possible functions for the identified problem behavior(s). The function of the behavior(s) could be to obtain a desired outcome or to allow the child to avoid an undesirable outcome. http://www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/article_view. aspx? ArticleID=255 8) Develop a behavioral intervention plan, from the data gathered through observation, a clear description of the problem behavior(s) and perhaps patterns of the behavior(s) will form the basis for a plan. ttp://www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/article_view. aspx? ArticleID=255 Positive behavioral support (PBS) helps understand and resolves a behavioral problem that a child might be having that is based on values and research. It offers an approach to develop an understanding of why the child engages in problem behavior and strategies to prevent the occurrence of problem behavior while teaching the child new skills. Positive behavior support offers a holistic approach that considers all factors that have an impact on a child and the child’s behavior. It can be used to address problem behaviors that range from aggression, tantrums, and property destruction to social withdrawal (challengingbehavior. org). To successfully implement positive behavior supports {PBS), it is essential that each of the of the following six steps is followed in the designated order: Building a Behavior Support Team; Person-Centered Planning; Functional Behavioral Assessment; Hypothesis Development; Behavior Support Plan Development; and Monitoring Outcomes. Building a Behavior Support Team is getting the parents, teachers and others together to that mostly is involved with the child the most. Person-Centered Planning is responsible for bring everyone together for the best interest of the child. Functional Behavioral Assessment is involving collecting data and observing the behavior. Hypothesis Development is what is known that triggers the said behavior. Behavior Support Plan Development is to summarize the data gathered from the functional assessment process and come up with a plan. Monitoring Outcomes are monitoring the effectiveness of the behavior support plan. Monitoring includes measurement the changes of the problem behavior and the achievements and outcome. Summarize the role of the teacher in designing and implementing a classroom behavior plan (challengingbehavior. org). Teachers have big responsibilities in taking part in making the Behavior Plan successful. The teacher is the one who has to follow through and implement the plan and make it consistently every day. It is the teacher who has to push forward even when it appears things isn’t going as planned. 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Background Of Kurnia Insurance Accounting Essay Example For Students

Background Of Kurnia Insurance Accounting Essay One of the major constituents in Malayan Financial Reporting Standard 101 is fiscal statements. The fiscal statements are a structured representation of the fiscal place and fiscal public presentation of an entity. The aim of fiscal statement is to supply information about the fiscal place, fiscal public presentation and hard currency flow of an entity that is utile to a broad scope of users in doing economical determinations. Fiscal statements besides show the consequence of the direction s quality of the resources delegated to it. To run into the aim, fiscal statements supply information about an entity s: Assetss ; Liabilitiess ; Equity ; Income and disbursals, including additions and losingss ; Contributions by and distributions to proprietors in their capacity as proprietors ; and Cash flow. A complete set of fiscal statements comprises: A statement of fiscal place as at the terminal of the period ; A statement of comprehensive income for the period ; A statement of alterations in equity for the period ; A statement of hard currency flows for the period ; Notes, consisting a sum-up of important accounting policies and other explanatory information ; and A statement of fiscal place as at the beginning of the earliest comparative period when an entity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or do a retrospective restatement of points in its fiscal statements, or when it reclassifies points in its fiscal statements. An entity may utilize rubrics for the statements other than those used in this criterion. There are some general characteristics that must be obeys by every fiscal studies harmonizing to MFRS 101. Fair presentation and conformities with MFRSs Fiscal statements shall show reasonably the fiscal place, fiscal public presentation and hard currency flow of an entity. Fair presentation requires the faithful representation of the effects of minutess, other events and conditions in conformity with the definitions and acknowledgment standards for assets, liabilities, income and disbursals set out in the MFRSs. Traveling concern When fixing fiscal statements, direction shall do an appraisal of an entity s ability to go on as a traveling concern. An entity shall fix fiscal statements on a traveling concern footing unless direction either intends to neutralize the entity or to discontinue trading, or has no realistic option but to make so. The entity shall unwrap every uncertainnesss and facts that may do the entity can non fix the fiscal statement with traveling concern. Accrual footing of accounting AnA entityA shallA prepareA itsA financialA statements, A exceptA forA cashA flow information, utilizing the accrual footing of accounting. When the accrual footing of accounting is used, an entity recognises points as assets, liabilities, equity, income and disbursals when they satisfy the definitions and acknowledgment standards for those elements in the MFRSs. Materiality and collection An entity shall show individually each material category of similar points. An entity shall show individually points of a dissimilar nature or map unless they are immaterial. Offseting An entity shall non countervail assets and liabilities or income and disbursals, unless required or permitted by MFRS. Frequency of describing An entity shall show a complete set of fiscal statements at least yearly. When an entity changes the terminal of its coverage period and nowadayss fiscal statements for a period longer or shorter than one twelvemonth, an entity shall unwrap. Comparative information An entity shall unwrap comparative information in regard of the old period for all sums reported in the current period s fiscal statements, except when MFRSs permitted or required non to make so. An entity shall include comparative information when it is relevant to an apprehension of the current period s fiscal statements. Consistency of presentation An entity shall retain the presentation and categorization of points in the fiscal statements from one period to the following unless it is evident, following a important alteration in the nature of the entity s operations or a reappraisal of its fiscal statements, that another presentation would be more appropriate holding respect to the standards for the choice and application of accounting policies in MFRS 108 or MFRS requires a alteration in presentation. .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b , .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .postImageUrl , .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b , .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:hover , .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:visited , .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:active { border:0!important; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:active , .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Historical Essay The Bubonic PlagueB ) Explain the background of the company. Background of Lonpac Insurance Bhd. Lonpac Insurance berhad is incorporated in Malaysia on July 1994, which is the name, is shortcut from London A ; Pacific Insurance Company Berhad. In 1 may 1999, Lonpac insurance become the general insurance concern. The company operates of 21 subdivisions in Malaysia and besides have foreign subdivision in Singapore. The paid-up capital of the company is RM 200,000,000 comprising of 200,000,000 ordinary portions of RM 1.00 each. In September 2005, Lonpac has reaffirmed by Rating Corporation berhad to be general insurance strength evaluation AA because reconfirming its dependability and fiscal stableness in the insurance industry. Besides that, in September 2011, the A.M. Best Co. has affirmed the fiscal strength evaluation of A- and issuer recognition evaluation ( ICR ) of A- to Lonpac, because lonpac is ability to derive market portion underwriting public presentation and regardless of the competitory operating environment in its nucleus markets, viz. Malaysia and Singapore. Background of Kurnia Insurance 30th December 1978 is the integrated of the Kurnia Insurans Berhad. The kurnia insurance company which is bargains of present proprietors in 1991 it is in the present form and has another name, industrial and commercial insurance. Kurnia insurance in Malaysia is the most of the successful insurance companies. The success can be founded from the carnival of concern patterns which is offers concern chances service and protect the legitimate involvements of policyholders. With the sum of capitalisation between RM 600milion and the entire plus around RM2bilion in the kurnia insurance stands as stableness and strength. Besides that, kurnia besides boasts the extended into the societal web in industry ; with the one-year turnover in surplus of RM 1 billion and aim force in 5500 the state. In the Malaysia insurance market, kurnia expect to lifting unchecked competition already mortician in several of protective steps. Kurnia steadfastly believes that e-commerce will convey Kurnia to a highe r degree of public presentation and quality of service to its clients, concern spouses and agents in line with its slogan Excellence in Service . One prevailing move is strategizing towards e-commerce and prehending a outstanding place by being the precursor in supplying online insurance services.

Influence of Exports on Indian Economy Essay Example

Influence of Exports on Indian Economy Essay Exports have played an increasingly important role in India’s economic growth in the last two decades. Still Export instability and its impact on the domestic economies of developing countries like India has been of continuing interest. However, studies dealing with the impact of export instability on economic growth have yielded two fairly different views. The 1st view emphasizes the negative impact of export instability on growth. This is based on the variability in export earnings, uncertainty in this also has an impact on private investment decisions and adversely affects both the level of capital. Due to this close link of the government revenue with export revenue instability in the exports causes variability, which amounts to disruptions in public investment and infrastructure. The second view emphasizes that export instability does not inhibit the process of growth, in fact it may encourage the growth. Rise in income due to deviations of export revenues from their trend will leave consumption unchanged and savings will rise which is believed to raise the level of investment and rate of economic growth. EXPORTS IN INDIA: India has been described as an ‘import substituting country par excellence’. A balance of payments crisis in 1991 led to the initiation of an ongoing process of trade liberalization. These events corrected the in-built systemic bias against exports and they have led to a degree of correction of the price distortions in the Indian economy through the creation of a more open economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Exports on Indian Economy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Exports on Indian Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Exports on Indian Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer More importantly, increased competition and the presence of firms from foreign markets has injected a greater degree of quality consciousness and customer orientation, which has been largely absent due to the lack of competitive pressures. In the past there were few foreign firms present in the protected domestic Indian market. These changes have reduced the tendency of Indian firms to seek and obtain protection from foreign imports. Policy reform has also reduced the effectiveness of attempts by Indian firms to hide behind high tariff barriers and it has challenged interests that have attempted to perpetuate inefficient production. In recent years, India’s percentage share in world exports has been increasing steadily, though at a slow pace. Further, India is building up new areas of strength in export markets by moving to computer software exports, exports of pharmaceuticals and engineering manufactures in addition to traditional export strengths in gems amp; jewellery amp; textiles. Post 1991, the gradual liberalization of the Indian economy characterized by policy reforms created a conducive environment for India’s exports to flourish and evolve into social and economic growth. Hence, the last two decades have witnessed India transform from a closed economy to a considerable player in the global market. Though India had previously experienced a negative growth in its exports, such a prolonged period of decline had not been witnessed in over two decades. It is evident that India’s export performance and economic growth are closely inter-linked. Over time, the export sector has grown to be a significant earner of foreign exchange and a major contributor to India’s national income. Further, the performance of this sector is highly dependent on domestic as well as global factors. As a consequence of this, domestic as well as international economic policies have a bearing on the overall export performance of India. India’s export performance : India’s international trade and reliance on domestic factors fueled growth during the fifties, exports played a smaller role, where India’s exports lost its world market share between 1951-1960 and 1961-70. Till the mid seventies, India’s policy was restrictive and focused on developing the domestic industry, while tightening control on foreign trade . Moreover, India’s exports also suffered because export incentives were only available to a limited number of manufacturing industries and selected agricultural exports. The table below reveals that the period between 1961 and 1970 had higher imports (as a share of GDP), compared to exports which may have contributed to a growing foreign exchange shortage. Additionally, high levels of inflation and budget deficits coupled with the India-Pakistan war severely affected foreign aid and led to a foreign exchange crisis, which resulted in the devaluation of the rupee in 1966. Export and Import growth (%) Following the oil-price shocks, the Indian rupee steadily appreciated by almost 20 percent between 1979 and 1986 and had an adverse impact on its export competitiveness. It is interesting to note that in the early eighties, when world exports grew at 2. 7 percent per year, Indian exports grew at a higher rate of over 6 percent. Nonetheless, India’s share in world merchandise exports fell to less than 1 percent from as much as 2. 1 percent in 1951. India’s export performance since 1991 has fluctuated. In 1997, for the first time after liberalization, India’s exports registered a negative growth of 2. 33 percent. The situation for India worsened when its competitor countries (ASEAN) devalued their currencies amidst the crisis, which reduced the competitiveness of India’s exports in the international market for textile and electronics commodities, where India directly competed with ASEAN exports in overseas markets. India’s imports also suffered and reduced by 2. 44 percent due to weak domestic demand, lower industrial activity and a lower unit value of imports. Export and Import share (%) in India’s GDP : Source: Author’s calculations based on World Development Indicators (WDI) and United Nations (UN) Comtrade database http://data. orldbank. org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators , http://comtrade. un. org/db In 2001-02, India faced another setback in its exports, at large, due to the semi-recession faced by the US; one of India’s biggest trading partners. The terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre caused a net loss of 0. 25 percent of US GDP and also had an impact on India’s exports, which grew only at 5 percent that year. The next major setback for India’s exports was the global crisis of 2008. The collapse of large investment banks around the world coupled with high oil prices and rising inflation led to a global recession. Even though the export sector plays a significant role in the domestic economy by contributing close to 25 percent to India’s GDP (in 2009), its contribution to world exports continues to remain minimal, at a mere 1. 5 percent of world exports in 2009. Between 1991 and 2009, India’s share in world exports rose from 0. 56 to 1. 52 percent. But overall, the economic reforms implemented in India did not have a significant impact on India’s position in the world export market, unlike the reforms implemented in countries like China, South Korea or Taiwan. Sectoral composition of Exports Merchandise exports comprise a major portion of India’s exports to the world. However, a decline in its share and a rise in the contribution of services is visible post 1996. India has experienced a rapid growth in its services sector in the last decade and this is likely to continue in the near future. A combination of demand and supply side factors has influenced the growth of services in India. Sectoral contribution of India’s total merchandise exports : Source: Author’s calculations based on United Nations (UN) Comtrade database http://comtrade. un. rg/db A comparison of India’s export composition with that of its competitors reveals a major point of difference. While for India, services has grown to be a major contributor to its world exports, some of its key competitors like China, Brazil and South Africa continue to earn close to 90 percent of their export revenue through merchandise exports alone. Therefore, the merchandise component plays a bigger role in the exports of other emerging economies, a fact which could explain why India’s share in world merchandise exports has remained low. India- Goods (merchandise) and Services share (%) in total exports Source: Author’s calculations based on UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) database http://unctadstat. unctad. org/ReportFolders/reportFolders. aspx? sCS_referer=amp;sCS_ChosenLang=en Government Initiatives Even though India’s manufacturing exports have resurged since 2001 and grown at a steady rate of over 25 percent between 2002 and 2008, the manufacturing sector has not performed as well. Where the share of manufacturing GDP has remained stagnant. In contrast, the services sector has performed well and contributed significantly towards India’s economic growth. Moreover, India’s performance in services exports has been stronger than most other emerging economies for which their manufacturing sector has been the main driver. A historical review of government initiatives reveals that the policies designed by the Indian government have been instrumental in shaping the development of international trade. As India has progressively moved towards becoming a more open economy, policies have evolved to support trade and increase the volume of exports. However, the average performance of the manufacturing sector has for long, been a cause of concern. In recent years, the Indian government has acknowledged the severity of this issue and taken an important policy initiative in 2011 by approving the New Manufacturing Policy. This policy is aimed at building the capacity of the sector, strengthening its contribution to the GDP as well as improving the international competitiveness of the manufacturing sector. The Indian economy, however, continued to be resistant towards imports and this was reflected in the existing tariff rates. Share of manufactured exports in world (manufacturing) exports: Source: Author’s calculations based on United Nations (UN) Comtrade database http://comtrade. n. org/db India’s key manufactured exports: Since manufactured goods constitute a majority of India’s merchandise exports, it is important to analyze the composition of manufactured exports to identify India’s key export commodities. The following figure shows the distribution of top manufactured goods exports. Source: Autho r’s calculations based on United Nations (UN) Comtrade database http://comtrade. un. org/db Overall, the figure depicts a structural shift in India manufactured exports, away from cotton and textile oriented exports and towards more technique and technology-based items such as pharmaceutical products (medicaments), elecommunication equipment’s etc. The export barriers in India have been hampering Indian exports to a great extent and most of such barriers have been announced by the European Union regarding certification requirements, application of pesticides, dumping of waste products. But the most significant export barrier faced by the Indian exporters is red tapism which is mostly accompanied by corruption. However, the government of India has considered plans to liberate the Indian exporters from the cumbersome paper works and simplify the required procedures. Indian Government keeps swinging on the products that are banned from being exported from India . Frequent ban on export of food grains and other farm commodities should soon be addressed by the commerce department. The move will help India restore some global credibility as it has often faced flak for its banning. Indian Government has banned 58 products from being exported from India. Flip-flop on exports of onions, sugar and cotton in particular has been criticized at the international forum such as  WTO  and G-20, creating fears of India being branded as an unreliable supplier. CONCLUSION: Growth of an economy is directly related to exports. If exports increase at a faster pace as compared to imports, nothing can stop an economy from being a developing one. On the other hand, the instability in exports can adversely affect the process of economic development. It is clear that the export performance of an industry is shaped by a number of factors, including global and partner country economic conditions, costs, market structure, domestic regulations and policy incentives. India’s export performance is equally likely to be affected by macroeconomic variables such as inflation, world demand (or GDP), tariff and non-tariff barriers and also exchange rates. In particular, an RBI report suggested that fluctuation in the value of the rupee affected Indian industries asymmetrically. While labor-intensive sectors such as cotton and leather experienced a fall in export growth (due to an appreciated rupee between 2006 and 2007), high import-intensive sectors like engineering were expected to perform better during the same period, due to lower import costs. Rest apart Government olicies do play a vital role in this sector. Government needs to plan the development, look into other influencing factors and accordingly regulate the EXIM ( Export-Import ) policies to better growth.

Evidence Based Healthcare Research Social Work Essays

Evidence Based Healthcare Research Social Work Essays Evidence Based Healthcare Research Social Work Essay Evidence Based Healthcare Research Social Work Essay Evidenced Based Healthcare and Research: Appraisal. In the United Kingdom the construct of Independent Living and Self-directed Support has become an constituted attack for the bringing of wellness and societal attention services, that it is presently the preferable residential option for people with larning disablements ( Binnie A ; Titchen 1999 ) . Independent life can be defined as enabling independency by having the right support how and when it is required ( Morris 2004 ) . It has now become a cardinal rule in assorted authorities policy paperss such as the Valuing Peoples Now Strategy ( UK Department of Health, 2009 ) and the Personalisation through Person-Centred Planning enterprise ( UK Department of Health, 2010 ) . This assignment aims to show a elaborate review of a qualitative survey entitled How grownups with larning disablements view independent life ( Bond A ; Hurst 2010 ) . A review can specify as a balanced rating of the strengths and restrictions of a research article, in order to find its credibleness and/or pertinence to pattern ( Gamgee 2006 ) . This survey is a welcome part to the current wellness and societal attention research sphere because whilst independent life is the preferable residential option, it is non at all clear whether it is suited for all people with larning disablements, furthermore if there is in fact sufficient empirical grounds to back up this impression. It is hence imperative to set up a sound grounds base that draws upon the lived personal experiences of those with learning disablements. Using an acknowledged model A Measure by Step guide to reviewing a quantitative survey ( Coughan et al. , 2007 ) the comparative worth of the grounds in support of indepen dent life will be judged consistently. Equally good as researching the significance of independent life as an indispensable nursing intercession and its application to modern clinical pattern. Ryan-Wenger ( 2003 ) suggests that in analyzing published articles it is of import to determine two cardinal facets of a review which can be subdivided into elements that influence the hardiness of the research methodological analysis besides known as integrity variables and elements which influence the credibility of the research such as composing manner, writer ( s ) , study rubric and abstract otherwise known as credibility variables . The latter seems to be the most logical topographic point to commence. Evaluation of the Journal Article Polit and Beck ( 2006 ) province that composing manner should be such that it attracts the reader to read on ; this paper is good written, comprehensive and concise. The construction and layout of the paper is good organised with a logical consistence and free from slang in comparing to some documents where the writer ( s ) can be opaque in their attack. However little reserve is reserved refering the degree of cogent evidence reading as at that place seems to be some grammatical and typographical mistakes which can be found on pages 288 and 289. Both writers appear to hold a sound background in larning disablement from both a societal context and educational scenes. As indicated in the acknowledgements the writers makings indicate that they have a grade of cognition in this field and this piece of research seems to be a portion of a taught constituent of their Masterss programme. The study tile seems to be descriptive and compendious, although it lacks specificity of the research methodological analysis used in the survey. This can be really utile for others who are seeking for this type of paper. Although the term qualitative research is mentioned under keywords the rubric itself could be more specific. As a consequence the study rubric is equivocal and simply eight words in length. Meehan ( 1999 ) states that a rubric should be between ten to fifteen words long in order to clearly place the intent of the survey for the reader. This paper presents both an accessible and elaborate version of the abstract, but are both helpful? The accessible signifier includes information on the topic and the figure of participants, whereas the elaborate signifier provides an lineation of the methodological analysis used, ethical model, findings and recommendations. On balance the sum-ups present a clear overview of the survey, nevertheless it does implore the inquiry in what sense is the accessible signifier accessible? and to whom? It seems that the writers are seeking to be politically right instead than logical because how many service users really read the British Journal of Learning Disabilities? . It seems that this is a knee dork reaction which has been applied falsely ; it would be more suited if the papers was aimed at informing an audience with larning disablements such as Valuing People ( UK Department of Health, 2001 ) which caters to a broad scope of readers. The easy -read version is aimed at service users w hilst the denser version is aimed at professionals and service suppliers. Having identified and analysed variables that affect the credibleness of the research presented, how credible the work appears, the writers makings and their ability to set about and accurately show the survey. The hardiness of the research methodological analysis and the unity of the findings will be appraised in order to find the trustiness of the survey and its pertinence to nursing pattern. The writers province the purpose of the survey is to research the positions of nine people with larning disablements who have already achieved independency and wish to lend to the argument of independent life. The writers suggest that this manner of life is now viewed as desirable, but what is the world for people who live with larning disablements? This construct of desirableness is held as debatable by the writers who choose to analyze and show the world of populating independently as opposed to the impression of general and conventional wisdom. A survey conducted by Barlow A ; Kirby ( 1991 ) concluded that people in reception of autonomous support had more life satisfaction than those in residential attention . This determination is farther supported by the publication of Independent Living ( HM Office for Disability Issues, 2007 ) . The determination to suspend opinion about independent life is justifiable and is supported by other research workers in the field of larning disab lements ; as there are several deductions for service users, professionals and service suppliers. This is for a figure of grounds for case promoting pick and control ( OBrien, 2002 ) , wellness issues ( Priest A ; Gibbs, 2004 ) , exposure ( Cooper, 2002 ) and the ability for those with larning disablements to entree services ( Jansen et al. , 2006 ) . The literature reappraisal conducted by the writers demonstrates an appropriate deepness and comprehensiveness of reading around independent life. The bulk of surveies included are of recent beginning being less than five old ages old ; the few historical surveies included put the construct of populating independently into context. The writers successfully identified struggles between the literature by comparing and contrasting findings ( Burns and Grove. , 1997 ) , because although grounds exists to demo people who have moved from larger establishments prefer smaller group places ( Forrester-Jones et al. , 2002 ) there is still no accurate informations detailing the figure of people with larning disablements populating independently ( Beadle Brown et al. , 2004 ) . However the writers failed to advert how they conducted their hunt and information on the databases used to garner documents in their reappraisal. The writers did nevertheless, use primary beginnings of information as o pposed to secondary beginnings and anecdotal information, which attests to the unity and value of the survey presented. Bond A ; Hurst ( 2010 ) ascertained the narrations of nine people with larning disablements via the usage of semi-constructed interviews within their methodological analysis. The writers are to be commended for their attending to detail in footings of their ability to plan and construction interviews so as to suit the demands of the participants. Equally good as carry oning interviews at times and locales convenient to them. The interview construction included open-ended inquiries to help understanding as communicating emerged to be a cardinal barrier for some people with learning disablements. The writers report on a figure of theoretical issues that have been adapted for the participants in order that they might to the full take part in the research procedure. The construction of the interviews was devised utilizing the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance ( Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists, 1997 ) , but is this theoretical account applicable to the United Kin gdom population and to which care puting? Bond A ; Hurst ( 2010 ) adopted thematic analysis within their methodological analysis in measuring the narrations. The information collected was audio taped and subsequently transcribed into coded subjects, which is acknowledged in general research literature to be good pattern. On balance, the writers adhered to the stairss in the research procedure and it is conveyed between the fluidness of stages. The review later moves onto sing the ethical model. This research paper was supported by the local moralss commission and all participants in the survey gave informed consent. Although it is non clear whether or non it was an National Health Service ( NHS ) moralss commission. However, the writers sought to guarantee their working methods complied with the Data Protection Act ( 1998 ) but non with all authorities statute law applicable to the survey such as the Mental Health Act ( 1983 ) . Although there is reference about handiness, the writers failed to guarantee the participants had the capacity to do informed determinations as defined in the Mental Health Act ( 1983 ) . In relation to the figure of participants, the sample size is little and hence may non be brooding or entirely representative for all people with larning troubles. Small samples are more likely to be at hazard of being overly representative of little subgroups within a mark population ( Coughan et al. , 2007 ) . T herefore little reserve is held as the writers did non advert whether they sought to take overall prejudice by bring forthing a sample that is likely to be representative and generalisable to the mark population. Parahoo ( 2006 ) states that for a sample to truly reflect of the population it represents the writers must bring forth a chance sample. The participants in this survey were recruited via convenience trying utilizing a 3rd party ( Melton 1998 ) ; nevertheless several variables could hold an affect on the sample which can take to it being distorted such as the huge age scope. The writers are to be commended nevertheless, in their attempts to keep the confidentiality of their participants by offering them the pick to supply their ain anonym. In the treatment the writers identified seven subjects from their informations analysis which reflected the positions of all the participants and in bend addressed the purposes of the survey. Their findings supported the four key rules as stated in the Valuing People policy papers, and ways in which people can be supported to accomplish this includes increasing societal inclusion, increasing liberty and pick for people and raising consciousness of the exposure of those with learning disablements. However the survey besides highlighted that the bulk of participants struggled with the more complex facet of life independently, such as money direction and budgeting. The authorities has late introduced Direct Payments as portion of a countrywide transmutation in societal attention services, which involves paying money straight to an person in demand to take control of their ain support and attention services. This enterprise will help finance direction as it enables service users to hold control over the attention they receive and how they receive it. The bulk of participants maintained that when comparing their current life style of independent life to that of their old life style it was clear that they wanted to stay living independently. Application to Clinical Practice This subdivision will research the significance of independent life as an indispensable nursing intercession and its application to modern clinical pattern. Gates A ; Atherton ( 2001 ) province that there is a demand for grounds of effectiveness in wellness and societal attention . The most of import facet of being a practician regardless of 1s career, is that jointly we as professionals seek the best grounds available on which to establish our pattern ( Coughan et al. , 2007 ) . The grounds in support of independent life is limited and non wholly accurate, hence when grounds is presented it should non be taken on face value. As Cullum A ; Droogan ( 1999 ) put it not all research is of the same quality or high criterion therefore as a learning disablement nurse and societal worker it is of import being a attention supplier that although a paper has been published it can be critically appraised. This paper is of cardinal relevancy to our pattern in guaranting that the life styles of people with learning disablements are informed by valid and dependable grounds. This research paper adds value to the current literature available in support of independent life nevertheless cautiousness must be expressed as it is non entirely about populating independently. The construct of independently populating can non be advocated for everyone ; each individual is different and hence necessitate different degrees of support which will run into their demands. The publication of Valuing People ( UK Department of Health, 2001 ) the cardinal papers that prompted a alteration in the manner wellness and societal attention services operate. The paper made Person-Centred Planning a cardinal constituent of service reform, and outlined four key rules viz. : Human Rights, Independence, Choice and Social Inclusion ( Mansell and Beadle-Brown, 2004 ) . This means that people with larning disablements should be valued members of society, treated with self-respect and regard whilst holdin g the same rights and picks as everybody else ( OBrien, 2002 ) . Furthermore, people with larning disablements should experience empowered to take control over the attention that they receive in order to be after and populate their lives independently. Previously, people with larning disablements were shunned off from the community and susceptible to mistreat. The Community Care Act ( 1990 ) was introduced as a consequence of both political and societal alterations in attitudes towards the intervention of people with mental unwellnesss. In line with Mental Health Act ( 1983 ) the purpose was to take the stigma associated with mentally sick people off from isolation towards societal inclusion ( Social Role Valorisation, Wolfensberger, 1983 ) . But does independently populating mean that you get societal inclusion? Presently we are seeing a civilization of people who require support being efficaciously excluded from society, waiting for the following support worker to cook their repasts, aid with personal hygiene and general cleansing. This is a downward spiral in our society which is seting a demand on our system. As a attention supplier in line with the General Social Care Council and the Nursing and Midwifery Codes of Conduct ( 20 08 ) , it is our responsibility to recommend in the best involvement of the client at all times but who is really doing the determinations? Bond A ; Hurst ( 2010 ) highlighted how closely wellness was linked to independent life and that many of the participants suffered from chronic conditions such as asthma, diabetes and arthritis. Is it a instance of compromising support for services at the disbursal of overlooking wellness issues? It seems that the writers make a plausible instance that people with learning disablements are being seen as non a precedence as they carry a disproportional load of wellness inequalities among our population. The world for people with larning disablements is far from the projected life style of independency ( Emerson UK Literature ) . It is a challenge to back up people with larning disablements, several factors need to be considered to forestall possible neglect. Jansen et al. , ( 2006 ) points out the demand to follow integrated attention attacks in handling those with learning disablements. This will affect working with different bureaus ( interagency squad working ) and different types of professionals ( multidisciplinary squad working ) in order to supply an holistic service to run into their demands. Current research shows that a handicapped individual is likely to be in contact with at least 10 different attention professionals in their life-time ( UK Department of Education, 2003 ) . Issues can originate through out this clip which may take to miss of continuity and communicating. Therefore, a sufficient sum of preparation and consciousness is needed to guarantee that all staff are qualified and skilled to guarantee equity of service proviso. When caring for patients it is indispensable as a practician to follow the current best pattern. To find what this is one must be able to critically measure grounds that is presented to them ( Basset and Basset. , 2003 ) . This paper focused on the lived experiences of nine people with learning disablements about the world of life independently. In reviewing this paper, the writers successfully highlighted the importance of independent life as an indispensable nursing intercession nevertheless there were besides some restrictions, the most of import being limited confirmation of the information. Furthermore the narrations of the participants were extremely subjective and findings non-generalisable, therefore the impression of independent life is non to be applied to all that have a learning disablement, or vulnerable grownups with complex demands. As recommended by the writers, farther accurate, dependable and valid research is needed that will add value to the evidence-base sphere. Entire Word Count: 2,452 Excluding Headings and Mentions

Why Black People Had a Complex Relationship With Fidel Castro

Why Black People Had a Complex Relationship With Fidel Castro When Fidel Castro died on Nov. 25, 2016, Cuban exiles in the United States celebrated the demise of a man they called an evil dictator. Castro committed a series of human rights abuses, they said, silencing political dissidents by imprisoning or killing them. U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio  (R-Florida) summed up the feelings of many Cuban Americans about Castro in a statement he released after  the ruler’s passing. â€Å"Sadly, Fidel Castro’s death does not mean freedom for the Cuban people or justice for the democratic activists, religious leaders, and political opponents he and his brother have jailed and persecuted,† Rubio said. â€Å"The dictator has died, but the dictatorship has not. And one thing is clear, history will not absolve Fidel Castro; it will remember him as an evil, murderous dictator who inflicted misery and suffering on his own people.† In contrast, blacks throughout the African Diaspora viewed Castro through a more complicated lens. He may have been a brutal dictator but he was also an ally to Africa, an anti-imperialist who eluded assassination attempts by the U.S. government and a champion of education and healthcare. Castro supported the efforts of African nations to liberate themselves from colonial rule, opposed apartheid and granted exile to a prominent African American radical. But along with  these deeds, Castro faced criticism from blacks during the years before  his death because of racism’s persistence in Cuba. An Ally to Africa Castro proved himself to be a friend to Africa as various countries there fought for independence during the 1960s and ’70s. After Castro’s death, Bill Fletcher, Black Radical Congress founder, discussed the unique  relationship between the Cuban Revolution in 1959 and Africa on the Democracy Now! radio program. â€Å"The Cubans were very supportive of the Algerian struggle against the French, which succeeded in 1962,† Fletcher said. â€Å"They went on to support the various anti-colonial movements in Africa, including in particular  the anti-Portuguese movements in Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique. And they were unquestioning in their support for the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa.† Cuba’s support to Angola as the West African nation fought for independence from Portugal in 1975 set into motion apartheid’s end. Both the Central Intelligence Agency and the apartheid government of South Africa tried to thwart the revolution, and Russia objected to Cuba intervening in the conflict. That didnt deter Cuba from getting involved, however. The 2001 documentary Fidel: The Untold Story chronicles how Castro sent 36,000 troops to keep South African forces from attacking Angola’s capital city and more than 300,000 Cubans aided in Angola’s independence struggle - 2,000 of whom were killed during the conflict. In 1988, Castro sent in even more troops, which helped to overcome the South African army and, thus, advance the mission of black South Africans. But Castro didn’t stop there. In 1990, Cuba also played a role in helping Namibia win independence from South Africa, another blow to the apartheid government. After Nelson Mandela was freed from prison in 1990, he repeatedly thanked Castro.   â€Å"He was a hero in Africa, Latin America, and North America for those who needed freedom from oligarchic and autocratic oppression,† the Rev. Jesse Jackson said of Castro in a statement about the Cuban leader’s death. â€Å"While Castro, unfortunately, denied many political freedoms, he at the same time did establish many economic freedoms - education and health care. He changed the world. While we may not agree with all of Castro’s actions, we can accept his lesson that where there is oppression there must be resistance.† Black Americans like Jackson  have long expressed admiration for Castro, who famously met with Malcolm X in Harlem in 1960 and sought out meetings with other black leaders. Mandela and Castro South Africa’s Nelson Mandela publicly praised Castro for his support of the anti-apartheid struggle. The military support Castro sent to Angola helped to destabilize the apartheid regime and pave the way for new leadership. While Castro stood on the right side of history, as far as apartheid was concerned, the U.S. government is said to have been involved in Mandela’s 1962 arrest and even characterized him as a terrorist. Moreover, President  Ronald Reagan vetoed the Anti-Apartheid Act. When Mandela was released from prison after serving 27 years for his political activism, he described Castro as an â€Å"inspiration to all freedom-loving people.† He applauded Cuba for remaining independent in spite of fierce opposition from imperialist nations such as the United States. He said that South Africa also wished â€Å"to control our own destiny† and publicly asked Castro to visit. â€Å"I haven’t visited my South African homeland yet,† Castro said. â€Å"I want it, I love it as a homeland. I love it as a homeland as I love you and the South African people.† The Cuban leader finally traveled to South Africa in 1994 to watch Mandela become its first black president. Mandela faced criticism for supporting Castro but kept his promise not to ignore his allies in the fight against apartheid. Why Black Americans Admire Castro African Americans have long felt a kinship to the people of Cuba  given the island nation’s considerable black population. As Sam Riddle, political director of Michigan’s National Action Network told the Associated Press, â€Å"It was Fidel who fought for the human rights for black Cubans. Many Cubans are as black as any black who worked in the fields of Mississippi or lived in Harlem. He believed in medical care and education for his people.† Castro ended segregation after the Cuban Revolution and gave asylum to Assata Shakur (nee Joanne Chesimard), a black radical who fled there after a 1977 conviction for killing a state trooper in New Jersey. Shakur has denied wrongdoing. But Riddle’s portrayal of Castro as a race relations hero may be somewhat romanticized given that black Cubans are overwhelmingly poor, underrepresented in positions of power and locked out of jobs in the country’s burgeoning tourism industry, where lighter skin appears to be a prerequisite to entry. In 2010, 60 prominent African Americans, including Cornel West and filmmaker Melvin Van Peebles, issued a letter attacking Cubas human rights record, especially as it related to black political dissidents. They expressed concern that the Cuban government had â€Å"increased violations of civil and human rights for those black activists in Cuba who dare raise their voices against the islands racial system.† The letter also called for the release from prison of black activist and physician Darsi Ferrer. Castro’s revolution may have promised equality for blacks, but he was ultimately unwilling to engage those who pointed out that racism remained. The Cuban government responded to the concerns of the African American group by simply denouncing their statement.

Effects of discipline on children Annotated Bibliography

Effects of discipline on children - Annotated Bibliography Example The source will be useful in the classification of the various disciplinary actions and their effects on children behaviors during the research. The chapter â€Å"Discipline by Parents and Child Psychopathology† defines discipline and the various methods that are used to administer discipline in children including corporal punishments. It further analysis the effects including cultural and antisocial behavior that each discipline action is associated with particularly the psychological effects. The source is credible as it is written by accredited authors and uses primary data from its study to analyses the effects of discipline on children. It will be used by the research to distinguish disciplinary actions that have more effects compared to others. The article presents an analysis of the effects of physical punishment on children through the identification of patterns that have been used to implement disciplinary measures among children. It further analyses the possible positive effects of promoting nonviolent parenting. The source is credible as an accredited PhD holder author was behind the analysis. It will be used in the analysis and comparison of the effects of physical and nonviolent discipline among children/ GÃÆ' ¡mez-Guadix, M., Carrobles, J., Almendros, C., & FernÃÆ' ¡ndez-Alcaraz, C. (2010). Physical punishment and long-term consequences: the moderating role of parental context. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2093-2097. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.419 The article explores the long-term consequences of physical punishment on children including both behavioral and psychological problems. The study conducted indicated that physical punishment is related to negative outcomes irrespective of the parental context in which are applied. The source is credible as a university press published it and scholars conducted the study. It will be used in the analysis of long-term consequences